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From: SusanTiz
Category:
Date: 23 Oct 2017
Time: 22:21:49 -0700
Remote Name: 89.163.131.166
<b>Ïåðåéäèòå íèæå ïî ññûëêå, ÷òîáû ïîëó÷èòü êðåäèò:</b> http://bestsky.info/redir.html ----------------------------------- Òåìà 1. Äåíüãè è äåíåæíîå îáðàùåíèå. 1.1. Ñóùíîñòü è ôóíêöèè äåíåã. Ïîíÿòèå äåíåã. ×òî òàêîå äåíüãè? Äåíüãè – ýòî òî, ÷òî äåíüãè äåëàþò. Âñå, ÷òî âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèè äåíåã, è åñòü äåíüãè. Àäàì Ñìèò: «Äåíüãè – ýòî òîâàð, êîòîðûé íèêòî íå îòêàæåòñÿ âçÿòü â îáìåí íà ïðîäóêòû ñâîåãî ïðîìûñëà». Ìàðêñ Ôðèäìàí: «Äåíüãè – ýòî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ, èçîáðåòåííàÿ ïîäîáíî ïîíÿòèÿì «òåìïåðàòóðà» è «ñèëà» â ôèçèêå». Äåíüãè – åäèíñòâåííûé òîâàð, êîòîðûé íåëüçÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü èíà÷å, êðîìå êàê îñâîáîäèòüñÿ îò íèõ. Äåíüãè, êðîìå òîãî, îäèí èç íàèáîëåå âàæíûõ ðàçäåëîâ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé íàóêè. Îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé íå÷òî ãîðàçäî áîëüøåå, ÷åì ïàññèâíûé êîìïîíåíò ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû, ÷åì ïðîñòîé èíñòðóìåíò, ñîäåéñòâóþùèé ðàáîòå ýêîíîìèêè. Õîðîøî ðàáîòàþùàÿ äåíåæíàÿ ñèñòåìà ñïîñîáñòâóåò êàê ïîëíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ìîùíîñòåé, òàê è ïîëíîé çàíÿòîñòè. È íàîáîðîò, ïëîõî ôóíêöèîíèðóþùàÿ äåíåæíàÿ ñèñòåìà ìîæåò ñòàòü ïðè÷èíîé ðåçêèõ êîëåáàíèé óðîâíÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà, çàíÿòîñòè è öåí â ýêîíîìèêå, èñêàçèòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ðåñóðñîâ. Ïðè÷èíà ïîÿâëåíèÿ äåíåã ñâÿçàíà ñ òðóäíîñòÿìè îáìåíà òîâàðà íà òîâàð ïðè áîëüøîé íîìåíêëàòóðå îáìåíèâàåìûõ òîâàðîâ. Ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå è áóìàæíûå äåíüãè ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüñòâàìè ãîñóäàðñòâà è ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ àãåíòîâ. - èíñòðóìåíò, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðîãî ñòðîÿòñÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ â îáùåñòâå; - îñîáûé òîâàð, ñòèõèéíî âûäåëèâøèéñÿ èç òîâàðíîãî ìèðà; - ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå áëàãî, îáëàäàþùåå ðåàëüíîé è ïðåäñòàâèòåëüíîé ñòîèìîñòüþ. - Ðåàëüíóþ âíóòðåííþþ ñòîèìîñòü äåíåã – ýòî ñòîèìîñòü òîãî äåíåæíîãî ìàòåðèàëà, êîòîðûé ïîøåë íà èõ ñîçäàíèå, ïëþñ èçäåðæêè ïðîèçâîäñòâà äåíåã. - Ïðåäñòàâèòåëüíóþ ñòîèìîñòü, îòðàæàþùóþ ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ ñèëó îáúåêòà, êîòîðûé âûïóñêàåò äåíüãè, åãî âîçìîæíîñòü ïîääåðæèâàòü èõ ïîñòîÿííóþ ïîêóïàòåëüíóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü (ò.å. îáìåíèâàòüñÿ íà îïðåäåëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî òîâàðîâ è óñëóã). Îíà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ äîâåðèåì íàñåëåíèÿ ê äåíüãàì. - Íîìèíàëüíóþ ñòîèìîñòü – ýòî íàðèöàòåëüíàÿ ñòîèìîñòü, óêàçàííàÿ íà äåíåæíûõ çíàêàõ. Åñëè íîìèíàëüíàÿ ñòîèìîñòü äåíåã ñîâïàäàåò ñ ðåàëüíîé, äåíüãè íàçûâàþòñÿ ïîëíîöåííûìè . Åñëè íîìèíàëüíàÿ ñòîèìîñòü ïðåâûøàåò ðåàëüíóþ, òàêèå äåíüãè íàçûâàþòñÿ íåïîëíîöåííûìè . Ñóùíîñòü è ðîëü äåíåã êàê ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé êàòåãîðèè ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â èõ ôóíêöèÿõ, êîòîðûå âûðàæàþò âíóòðåííþþ îñíîâó ñîäåðæàíèÿ äåíåã. Ôóíêöèè äåíåã. Ñóùåñòâóåò ïÿòü ôóíêöèé äåíåã. 1. Ñðåäñòâî îáðàùåíèÿ . Âî-ïåðâûõ è ïðåæäå âñåãî, äåíüãè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñåãîäíÿ ñðåäñòâîì îáðàùåíèÿ; äåíüãè ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðè ïîêóïêå è ïðîäàæå òîâàðîâ è óñëóã. Êàê ñðåäñòâî îáìåíà äåíüãè ïîçâîëÿþò îáùåñòâó èçáåæàòü íåóäîáñòâ áàðòåðíîãî îáìåíà è ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîñðåäíèêîì â òîâàðíîé òîðãîâëå. 2. Ñðåäñòâî ïëàòåæà .  êà÷åñòâå ñðåäñòâà ïëàòåæà äåíüãè îáñëóæèâàþò íå òîëüêî äâèæåíèå òîâàðà, íî è ïðîäâèæåíèå êàïèòàëà. 3. Ìåðà ñòîèìîñòè . Äåíüãè âûñòóïàþò òàêæå ìåðîé ñòîèìîñòè. Îáùåñòâî ñ÷èòàåò óäîáíûì èñïîëüçîâàòü äåíåæíóþ åäèíèöó â êà÷åñòâå ìàñøòàáà äëÿ ñîèçìåðåíèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíûõ ñòîèìîñòåé ðàçíîðîäíûõ áëàã è ðåñóðñîâ. Ïîäîáíî òîìó, êàê ìû èçìåðÿåì äèñòàíöèè â ìèëÿõ èëè êèëîìåòðàõ è ñðàâíèâàåì èõ, ìû ñîèçìåðÿåì ñòîèìîñòü áëàã è óñëóã â äåíåæíîì âûðàæåíèè. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå äåíåã â êà÷åñòâå îáùåãî çíàìåíàòåëÿ îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî öåíó ëþáîãî ïðîäóêòà äîñòàòî÷íî âûðàçèòü òîëüêî ÷åðåç äåíåæíóþ åäèíèöó. 4. Ñðåäñòâî ñáåðåæåíèÿ . Äåíüãè ñëóæàò ñðåäñòâîì ñáåðåæåíèÿ. Ïîñêîëüêó äåíüãè íàèáîëåå ëèêâèäíîå – òî åñòü òàêîå, êîòîðîå ïðîùå âñåãî èñòðàòèòü, - èìóùåñòâî, îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ î÷åíü óäîáíîé ôîðìîé õðàíåíèÿ áîãàòñòâà. Âëàäåíèå äåíüãàìè çà ðåäêèìè èñêëþ÷åíèÿìè íå ïðèíîñèò äåíåæíîãî äîõîäà, êîòîðûé èçâëåêàåòñÿ ïðè õðàíåíèè áîãàòñòâà, íàïðèìåð, â ôîðìå íåäâèæèìîãî èìóùåñòâà. Îäíàêî äåíüãè èìåþò òî ïðåèìóùåñòâî, ÷òî îíè ìîãóò áûòü áåçîòëàãàòåëüíî èñïîëüçîâàíû äëÿ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ëþáîãî ôèíàíñîâîãî îáÿçàòåëüñòâà. 5. Ôóíêöèÿ ìèðîâûõ äåíåã .  1967 ã. Ïàðèæñêèì ñîãëàøåíèåì åäèíñòâåííîé ôîðìîé ìèðîâûõ äåíåã áûëî ïðèçíàíî çîëîòî.  1970 ã. ÌÂÔ ââåë ïåðâóþ ìåæäóíàðîäíóþ äåíåæíóþ åäèíèöó – SDR (ñïåöèàëüíûå ïðàâà çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ). Îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íà îñíîâå ñðåäíåâçâåøåííîãî êóðñà âàëþò 5 ñòðàí: ÑØÀ, ßïîíèè, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, Ãåðìàíèè, Ôðàíöèè.  1979 ã. ââåäåíà íîâàÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ äåíåæíàÿ åäèíèöà ÝÊÞ. Îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íà îñíîâå ñðåäíåâçâåøåííîãî êóðñà âàëþò 11 åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàí. Ñ 1 ÿíâàðÿ 2000 ã. çàìåíåíà íà åâðî. Âñå ïÿòü ôóíêöèé äåíåã ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ïðîÿâëåíèå åäèíîé ñóùíîñòè êàê âñåîáùåãî ýêâèâàëåíòà òîâàðîâ è óñëóã; îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ â òåñíîé ñâÿçè è åäèíñòâå. Ëîãè÷åñêè è èñòîðè÷åñêè êàæäàÿ ïîñëåäóþùàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ïðåäïîëàãàåò èçâåñòíîå ðàçâèòèå ïðåäûäóùèõ ôóíêöèé. <b>Ïåðåéäèòå íèæå ïî ññûëêå, ÷òîáû ïîëó÷èòü êðåäèò:</b> http://bestsky.info/redir.html
From: abfegikapunem
Category:
Date: 20 May 2011
Time: 23:44:30 -0700
Remote Name: 85.105.225.69
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From: PHENERMINE
Category: Schools
Date: 08 May 2007
Time: 22:16:23 -0700
Remote Name: 85.249.135.2
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